Alhamdulillah

for showing gratitude to Allah after success or even after completing anything

Praise be to Allah

Aameen

the end of a Dua or prayer

May it be so

Sal allahu aleihi wasallam

whenever say the name of Prophet Muhammad

Peace be upon him (S.A.W.)

Alaihi salaam

whenever say the name of a prophet

Peace be upon him (A.S.)

Radi Allah Anhu

whenever say name of male companion of the Prophet (Sahabi)

May Allah be pleased with him (R.A.)

Radi Allah Anha

whenever say name of female companion of the Prophet

May Allah be pleased with her (R.A.)

Radi Allah Anhum

Plural form of saying companions of the Prophet

May Allah be pleased with them (R.A.)

Innaa lillaahi wa innaa ilayhi raaji'oon

this is uttered as an expression of sympathy of the news of some loss or some one's death

To Allah we belong and to Him is our return

La hawla wala quwata illah billah

during the time of troubles

There is no strength nor power except Allah

Al hamdu lillah

after sneezing

Praise be to Allah

Yar hamukallah

someone else sneezes

May Allah have mercy on you

Fi sabi lillah

giving charity